The visual inspection for the existance of a cat is on a petrol engine which will fail if there is no cat irrespective of whether it passes the petrol engine emission tests or not.
There was so much confusion about this that the DVLA even issued a clarification in one of their regular update bulletins 'Matters of Testing' to that effect, stating clearly that a diesel was not to be tested for emissions or a cat in any way at all.
Here's a link to the latest version of the MOT Testers manual.
MOT testing manuals and guides
In the manual for passenger cars and light commercials see section 7.1 'methods of inspection' where it says "for petrol engined vehicles that are subject to the full emissions test - check for the presence of a catalytic converter"
You can then compare the testing of petrols - section 7.3 with the testing of diesels - section 7.4 no emissions test in 7.4