Datatek
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The regulator is a fixed voltage, it has no means of sensing battery voltage, current is limited by the potential difference between the battery voltage and the regulator voltage. Battery voltage at 12 volts, regulator at 14.2 =PD of 2.2 volts = maximum current from alternator. Battery voltage at 13.8 regulator at 14.2 = PD of 0.4 volts charge rate downs to a couple of amps or so. Battery apparent voltage at 14.2 regulator at 14.2 = PD of 0 volts which equals no charge. At all times the regulator is trying to maintain the output at 14.2 volts, whenever the load pulls the voltage down below the set point the current through the rotating field (armature) is increased in direct proportion thus increasing the available output current.No because the regulator senses the battery voltage and adjusts the current in the field coils turning the alternator output up or down. A full charged battery will not receive a charge from the alternator but one that falls below say 12.5 volts will. 14.2 volts set point of the regulator is the maximum voltage that will be allowed to be put through the field coils and would give maximum output. This will vary, controlled by the regulator between 13.5 and 14.2 depending on the batteries state of charge and alternator charge rate needed. If the regulator had a set point above 14.2 which is regarded as the maximum charge rate for lead acid batteries, then yes it would boil the electrolite off in time.