Temperature gauges for series 2A

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A

ArthurC

Guest
I'm looking at fitting an electric fan to my series 2A. However, the
2A doesn't have a temperature gauge against which to check the fan
on/off temperatures. It looks as though there's a blanking bolt in the
cylinder head where on later landies a temp gauge sender is fitted (
560794 ), so I could fit a sender to the 2A head. (There's already a
sender in the head for the choke warning light, but I seem to remember
this is just a thermostatic switch, so probably no good.) Does anyone
know the resistance vs temp curve for the 560794 sender?
Alternatively, does anyone know of a temp gauge which would work with
this sender in a +ve earth vehicle, either with a voltage regulator
built in or using the +ve earth regulator already in the 2A
instruments? My background is in telecomms, so if I can sort out the
calibration of the sender I may designing an electronic temp gauge and
fan controller! Anyone interested in details as to how I get on?

 
On or around 11 Jun 2006 04:00:14 -0700, "ArthurC" <[email protected]>
enlightened us thusly:

>I'm looking at fitting an electric fan to my series 2A. However, the
>2A doesn't have a temperature gauge against which to check the fan
>on/off temperatures. It looks as though there's a blanking bolt in the
>cylinder head where on later landies a temp gauge sender is fitted (
>560794 ), so I could fit a sender to the 2A head.


it should have a temp gauge. isn't it in the other half of the instrument
thing with the fuel gauge? ISTR my series II had a temperature gauge...

--
Austin Shackles. www.ddol-las.net my opinions are just that
"The boys are dreaming wicked or of the bucking ranches of the night and
the jollyrodgered sea." Dylan Thomas (1914 - 1953) Under milk wood
 
Austin Shackles wrote:
> On or around 11 Jun 2006 04:00:14 -0700, "ArthurC" <[email protected]>
> enlightened us thusly:
>
>
>>I'm looking at fitting an electric fan to my series 2A. However, the
>>2A doesn't have a temperature gauge against which to check the fan
>>on/off temperatures. It looks as though there's a blanking bolt in the
>>cylinder head where on later landies a temp gauge sender is fitted (
>>560794 ), so I could fit a sender to the 2A head.

>
>
> it should have a temp gauge. isn't it in the other half of the instrument
> thing with the fuel gauge? ISTR my series II had a temperature gauge...
>

Both my early IIA vehicles have an ammeter in that position.

--
EMB
 

"ArthurC" <[email protected]> wrote in message
news:[email protected]...
> I'm looking at fitting an electric fan to my series 2A. However, the
> 2A doesn't have a temperature gauge against which to check the fan
> on/off temperatures. It looks as though there's a blanking bolt in the
> cylinder head where on later landies a temp gauge sender is fitted (
> 560794 ), so I could fit a sender to the 2A head. (There's already a
> sender in the head for the choke warning light, but I seem to remember
> this is just a thermostatic switch, so probably no good.) Does anyone
> know the resistance vs temp curve for the 560794 sender?
> Alternatively, does anyone know of a temp gauge which would work with
> this sender in a +ve earth vehicle, either with a voltage regulator
> built in or using the +ve earth regulator already in the 2A
> instruments? My background is in telecomms, so if I can sort out the
> calibration of the sender I may designing an electronic temp gauge and
> fan controller! Anyone interested in details as to how I get on?
>


All the electric fans I've seen in recent years have a probe that fits
inside the top radiator hose and links to an on/off solenoid. The temp.
sender in these (being of modernish design) will be far more accurate
than the bimetal/resistance thingy thats in the IIAs.


 
Austin Shackles wrote:

> On or around 11 Jun 2006 04:00:14 -0700, "ArthurC" <[email protected]>
> enlightened us thusly:
>
>>I'm looking at fitting an electric fan to my series 2A. However, the
>>2A doesn't have a temperature gauge against which to check the fan
>>on/off temperatures. It looks as though there's a blanking bolt in the
>>cylinder head where on later landies a temp gauge sender is fitted (
>>560794 ), so I could fit a sender to the 2A head.

>
> it should have a temp gauge. isn't it in the other half of the instrument
> thing with the fuel gauge? ISTR my series II had a temperature gauge...
>

Temperature gauge came with the change to negative earth in the mid sixties
- prior to that had an ammeter not a temperature gauge. Most if not all
engines have a place to put a sender as described.
JD
 
ArthurC wrote:
> I'm looking at fitting an electric fan to my series 2A. However, the
> 2A doesn't have a temperature gauge against which to check the fan
> on/off temperatures. It looks as though there's a blanking bolt in the
> cylinder head where on later landies a temp gauge sender is fitted (
> 560794 ), so I could fit a sender to the 2A head. (There's already a
> sender in the head for the choke warning light, but I seem to remember
> this is just a thermostatic switch, so probably no good.) Does anyone
> know the resistance vs temp curve for the 560794 sender?
> Alternatively, does anyone know of a temp gauge which would work with
> this sender in a +ve earth vehicle, either with a voltage regulator
> built in or using the +ve earth regulator already in the 2A
> instruments? My background is in telecomms, so if I can sort out the
> calibration of the sender I may designing an electronic temp gauge and
> fan controller! Anyone interested in details as to how I get on?
>


I use a mercury type gauge, no electrics required, just a capillary, so
no matter whether it is positive or negative earth. It's hooked in just
below the thermostat housing.

I also use an electric fan, it's a Kenlowe that has it's own sensor as
well. This in my case is as well as the engine fan, as it's used to help
cool the engine when running stationary, and I live in a sub tropical
part of the world (Brisbane, QLD)

Karen
 

"Karen Gallagher" <[email protected]> wrote in message
news:[email protected]...
> ArthurC wrote:
> > I'm looking at fitting an electric fan to my series 2A. However, the
> > 2A doesn't have a temperature gauge against which to check the fan
> > on/off temperatures. It looks as though there's a blanking bolt in the
> > cylinder head where on later landies a temp gauge sender is fitted (
> > 560794 ), so I could fit a sender to the 2A head. (There's already a
> > sender in the head for the choke warning light, but I seem to remember
> > this is just a thermostatic switch, so probably no good.) Does anyone
> > know the resistance vs temp curve for the 560794 sender?
> > Alternatively, does anyone know of a temp gauge which would work with
> > this sender in a +ve earth vehicle, either with a voltage regulator
> > built in or using the +ve earth regulator already in the 2A
> > instruments? My background is in telecomms, so if I can sort out the
> > calibration of the sender I may designing an electronic temp gauge and
> > fan controller! Anyone interested in details as to how I get on?
> >

>
> I use a mercury type gauge, no electrics required, just a capillary, so
> no matter whether it is positive or negative earth. It's hooked in just
> below the thermostat housing.
>
> I also use an electric fan, it's a Kenlowe that has it's own sensor as
> well. This in my case is as well as the engine fan, as it's used to help
> cool the engine when running stationary, and I live in a sub tropical
> part of the world (Brisbane, QLD)
>
> Karen


Sub tropical!! its bloody freezing, got down to +12C last night!!


 
Roger wrote:
> "Karen Gallagher" <[email protected]> wrote in message
> news:[email protected]...
>> ArthurC wrote:
>>> I'm looking at fitting an electric fan to my series 2A. However, the
>>> 2A doesn't have a temperature gauge against which to check the fan
>>> on/off temperatures. It looks as though there's a blanking bolt in the
>>> cylinder head where on later landies a temp gauge sender is fitted (
>>> 560794 ), so I could fit a sender to the 2A head. (There's already a
>>> sender in the head for the choke warning light, but I seem to remember
>>> this is just a thermostatic switch, so probably no good.) Does anyone
>>> know the resistance vs temp curve for the 560794 sender?
>>> Alternatively, does anyone know of a temp gauge which would work with
>>> this sender in a +ve earth vehicle, either with a voltage regulator
>>> built in or using the +ve earth regulator already in the 2A
>>> instruments? My background is in telecomms, so if I can sort out the
>>> calibration of the sender I may designing an electronic temp gauge and
>>> fan controller! Anyone interested in details as to how I get on?
>>>

>> I use a mercury type gauge, no electrics required, just a capillary, so
>> no matter whether it is positive or negative earth. It's hooked in just
>> below the thermostat housing.
>>
>> I also use an electric fan, it's a Kenlowe that has it's own sensor as
>> well. This in my case is as well as the engine fan, as it's used to help
>> cool the engine when running stationary, and I live in a sub tropical
>> part of the world (Brisbane, QLD)
>>
>> Karen

>
> Sub tropical!! its bloody freezing, got down to +12C last night!!
>
>

And it looks as if we're in for another cold night tonight. Makes me
question my own sanity in going for a run tonight!

And I thought yesterday's rain would keep us warm for a while ...

Karen
 
On 2006-06-12, Karen Gallagher <[email protected]> wrote:

> And I thought yesterday's rain would keep us warm for a while ...


You are an upside-down lot for sure...

--
Blast off and strike the evil Bydo empire!
 

JD wrote:
> Austin Shackles wrote:
>
> > On or around 11 Jun 2006 04:00:14 -0700, "ArthurC" <[email protected]>
> > enlightened us thusly:
> >
> >>I'm looking at fitting an electric fan to my series 2A. However, the
> >>2A doesn't have a temperature gauge against which to check the fan
> >>on/off temperatures. It looks as though there's a blanking bolt in the
> >>cylinder head where on later landies a temp gauge sender is fitted (
> >>560794 ), so I could fit a sender to the 2A head.

> >
> > it should have a temp gauge. isn't it in the other half of the instrument
> > thing with the fuel gauge? ISTR my series II had a temperature gauge...
> >

> Temperature gauge came with the change to negative earth in the mid sixties
> - prior to that had an ammeter not a temperature gauge. Most if not all
> engines have a place to put a sender as described.
> JD


Thanks for the help and confirmation that I should be able to fit a
sender. In reply to this and other mails, I believe JD is right that
the change to a temp gauge came with the switch from dynamo (+ve earth)
to alternator -ve earth. Perhaps the electronic control in place of
the electromechanical regulator and the superior output of an
alternator made measuring the (dis)charge current less important than
the engine boiling :).

I've ordered a Kenlowe controller from Ebay (should be delivered soon),
but would like a temp gauge if possible to set the Kenlowe unit to the
right temp (as far as I can see the Kenlowe control is hot/normal/cold
rather than degrees) and, of course, the "correct" temperature will be
different for different engines. For example, more modern engines, in
the interests of efficiency, tend to run the cooling system at higher
pressure, allowing a higher operating temp without the coolant boiling.

Arthur

 

Karen Gallagher wrote:
> ArthurC wrote:
> > I'm looking at fitting an electric fan to my series 2A. However, the
> > 2A doesn't have a temperature gauge against which to check the fan
> > on/off temperatures. It looks as though there's a blanking bolt in the
> > cylinder head where on later landies a temp gauge sender is fitted (
> > 560794 ), so I could fit a sender to the 2A head. (There's already a
> > sender in the head for the choke warning light, but I seem to remember
> > this is just a thermostatic switch, so probably no good.) Does anyone
> > know the resistance vs temp curve for the 560794 sender?
> > Alternatively, does anyone know of a temp gauge which would work with
> > this sender in a +ve earth vehicle, either with a voltage regulator
> > built in or using the +ve earth regulator already in the 2A
> > instruments? My background is in telecomms, so if I can sort out the
> > calibration of the sender I may designing an electronic temp gauge and
> > fan controller! Anyone interested in details as to how I get on?
> >

>
> I use a mercury type gauge, no electrics required, just a capillary, so
> no matter whether it is positive or negative earth. It's hooked in just
> below the thermostat housing.
>
> I also use an electric fan, it's a Kenlowe that has it's own sensor as
> well. This in my case is as well as the engine fan, as it's used to help
> cool the engine when running stationary, and I live in a sub tropical
> part of the world (Brisbane, QLD)
>
> Karen


Thanks Karen,

It sounds as though the mercury based gauge could be just the thing (if
not too expensive!). Do you happen to know the manufacturer and
whether there's a UK distributer? I've enjoyed the other replies to
your posting btw - I'm learning a lot about the climate in Oz :)

 

Roger wrote:
> "ArthurC" <[email protected]> wrote in message
> news:[email protected]...
> > I'm looking at fitting an electric fan to my series 2A. However, the
> > 2A doesn't have a temperature gauge against which to check the fan
> > on/off temperatures. It looks as though there's a blanking bolt in the
> > cylinder head where on later landies a temp gauge sender is fitted (
> > 560794 ), so I could fit a sender to the 2A head. (There's already a
> > sender in the head for the choke warning light, but I seem to remember
> > this is just a thermostatic switch, so probably no good.) Does anyone
> > know the resistance vs temp curve for the 560794 sender?
> > Alternatively, does anyone know of a temp gauge which would work with
> > this sender in a +ve earth vehicle, either with a voltage regulator
> > built in or using the +ve earth regulator already in the 2A
> > instruments? My background is in telecomms, so if I can sort out the
> > calibration of the sender I may designing an electronic temp gauge and
> > fan controller! Anyone interested in details as to how I get on?
> >

>
> All the electric fans I've seen in recent years have a probe that fits
> inside the top radiator hose and links to an on/off solenoid. The temp.
> sender in these (being of modernish design) will be far more accurate
> than the bimetal/resistance thingy thats in the IIAs.


Thanks Roger,

I haven't sawn up the senders to find out, but I expect that the choke
warning sender (non critical, of course) is a bimetallic device and the
temp gauge sender is a thermistor (temp dependent resistor). A
thermistor is inherently quite accurate if the system is calibrated
(1/2 degree C should be obtainable), but inaccuracies will come from
the tolerance of the instrument voltage regulator and the accuracy of
the milliammeter that acutally shows you the temp. Thus my idea that
an electronic device driven by the old type sender might be useful. My
wife calls me a pedant, by the way - perhaps to talk about 1/2 degree
accuracy in the context of a 2 1/4 petrol is a bit OTT :)

Regards, Arthur

 

"Ian Rawlings" <[email protected]> wrote in message
news:[email protected]...
> On 2006-06-12, Karen Gallagher <[email protected]> wrote:
>
> > And I thought yesterday's rain would keep us warm for a while ...

>
> You are an upside-down lot for sure...
>

Dry winters and wet summers in the tropics/sub tropics. Apart from
the past few years which have been dry summers and drier winters.

We had some Danish visitors last August, I was wearing a coat and
they were swimming in the sea. 20C is hot in Denmark and cold in
this part of Oz. We can always spot the tourists at this time of year
- they're in the water!!


 
On or around Mon, 12 Jun 2006 08:22:57 +1200, EMB <[email protected]>
enlightened us thusly:

>Austin Shackles wrote:
>> On or around 11 Jun 2006 04:00:14 -0700, "ArthurC" <[email protected]>
>> enlightened us thusly:
>>
>>
>>>I'm looking at fitting an electric fan to my series 2A. However, the
>>>2A doesn't have a temperature gauge against which to check the fan
>>>on/off temperatures. It looks as though there's a blanking bolt in the
>>>cylinder head where on later landies a temp gauge sender is fitted (
>>>560794 ), so I could fit a sender to the 2A head.

>>
>>
>> it should have a temp gauge. isn't it in the other half of the instrument
>> thing with the fuel gauge? ISTR my series II had a temperature gauge...
>>

>Both my early IIA vehicles have an ammeter in that position.


you might be right at that. I thought they had temp gauges on as well
though.
--
Austin Shackles. www.ddol-las.net my opinions are just that
Beyond the horizon of the place we lived when we were young / In a world
of magnets and miracles / Our thoughts strayed constantly and without
boundary / The ringing of the Division bell had begun. Pink Floyd (1994)
 
On or around 12 Jun 2006 00:59:44 -0700, "ArthurC" <[email protected]>
enlightened us thusly:

>I've ordered a Kenlowe controller from Ebay (should be delivered soon),
>but would like a temp gauge if possible to set the Kenlowe unit to the
>right temp (as far as I can see the Kenlowe control is hot/normal/cold
>rather than degrees) and, of course, the "correct" temperature will be
>different for different engines. For example, more modern engines, in
>the interests of efficiency, tend to run the cooling system at higher
>pressure, allowing a higher operating temp without the coolant boiling.


Just done a kenlowe installation. They describe where to set it based on
the gauge, but in practice what I did was to run the vehicle up a long hill,
slowly, on a hot day, then stop at the top, jump out and turn the control
'til the fan came on.
--
Austin Shackles. www.ddol-las.net my opinions are just that
Beyond the horizon of the place we lived when we were young / In a world
of magnets and miracles / Our thoughts strayed constantly and without
boundary / The ringing of the Division bell had begun. Pink Floyd (1994)
 
ArthurC wrote:
> JD wrote:
>> Austin Shackles wrote:
>>
>>> On or around 11 Jun 2006 04:00:14 -0700, "ArthurC"
>>> <[email protected]> enlightened us thusly:
>>>
>>>> I'm looking at fitting an electric fan to my series 2A. However,
>>>> the 2A doesn't have a temperature gauge against which to check the
>>>> fan on/off temperatures. It looks as though there's a blanking
>>>> bolt in the cylinder head where on later landies a temp gauge
>>>> sender is fitted ( 560794 ), so I could fit a sender to the 2A
>>>> head.
>>>
>>> it should have a temp gauge. isn't it in the other half of the
>>> instrument thing with the fuel gauge? ISTR my series II had a
>>> temperature gauge...
>>>

>> Temperature gauge came with the change to negative earth in the mid
>> sixties - prior to that had an ammeter not a temperature gauge. Most
>> if not all engines have a place to put a sender as described.
>> JD

>
> Thanks for the help and confirmation that I should be able to fit a
> sender. In reply to this and other mails, I believe JD is right that
> the change to a temp gauge came with the switch from dynamo (+ve
> earth) to alternator -ve earth. Perhaps the electronic control in
> place of the electromechanical regulator and the superior output of an
> alternator made measuring the (dis)charge current less important than
> the engine boiling :).
>
> I've ordered a Kenlowe controller from Ebay (should be delivered
> soon), but would like a temp gauge if possible to set the Kenlowe
> unit to the right temp (as far as I can see the Kenlowe control is
> hot/normal/cold rather than degrees) and, of course, the "correct"
> temperature will be different for different engines. For example,
> more modern engines, in the interests of efficiency, tend to run the
> cooling system at higher pressure, allowing a higher operating temp
> without the coolant boiling.
>
> Arthur


Not sure you are going to get the result you're suggesting. Typical Kenlowes I've
seen measure their temp at or near the radiator header, while temp guages
(sometimes called thermometers?) tend to report cylinder head temp or at least
water manifold temperature. On the ones I've seen these can differ quite
remarkably. Often the kenlowe is going like a bat outa hell ie radiator boiling,
while the cylinder head reports "quite nice out today".


--
"He who says it cannot be done would be well advised not to interrupt
her doing it."

The fiend of my fiend is my enema!


 

GbH wrote:
> ArthurC wrote:
> > JD wrote:
> >> Austin Shackles wrote:
> >>
> >>> On or around 11 Jun 2006 04:00:14 -0700, "ArthurC"
> >>> <[email protected]> enlightened us thusly:
> >>>
> >>>> I'm looking at fitting an electric fan to my series 2A. However,
> >>>> the 2A doesn't have a temperature gauge against which to check the
> >>>> fan on/off temperatures. It looks as though there's a blanking
> >>>> bolt in the cylinder head where on later landies a temp gauge
> >>>> sender is fitted ( 560794 ), so I could fit a sender to the 2A
> >>>> head.
> >>>
> >>> it should have a temp gauge. isn't it in the other half of the
> >>> instrument thing with the fuel gauge? ISTR my series II had a
> >>> temperature gauge...
> >>>
> >> Temperature gauge came with the change to negative earth in the mid
> >> sixties - prior to that had an ammeter not a temperature gauge. Most
> >> if not all engines have a place to put a sender as described.
> >> JD

> >
> > Thanks for the help and confirmation that I should be able to fit a
> > sender. In reply to this and other mails, I believe JD is right that
> > the change to a temp gauge came with the switch from dynamo (+ve
> > earth) to alternator -ve earth. Perhaps the electronic control in
> > place of the electromechanical regulator and the superior output of an
> > alternator made measuring the (dis)charge current less important than
> > the engine boiling :).
> >
> > I've ordered a Kenlowe controller from Ebay (should be delivered
> > soon), but would like a temp gauge if possible to set the Kenlowe
> > unit to the right temp (as far as I can see the Kenlowe control is
> > hot/normal/cold rather than degrees) and, of course, the "correct"
> > temperature will be different for different engines. For example,
> > more modern engines, in the interests of efficiency, tend to run the
> > cooling system at higher pressure, allowing a higher operating temp
> > without the coolant boiling.
> >
> > Arthur

>
> Not sure you are going to get the result you're suggesting. Typical Kenlowes I've
> seen measure their temp at or near the radiator header, while temp guages
> (sometimes called thermometers?) tend to report cylinder head temp or at least
> water manifold temperature. On the ones I've seen these can differ quite
> remarkably. Often the kenlowe is going like a bat outa hell ie radiator boiling,
> while the cylinder head reports "quite nice out today".
>


Useful data!

I'd assumed that as the temp sensor is just beneath the 'stat, when the
'stat is open, with a reasonably fast flow of coolant, the outflow from
the top hose into the rad would be close to the same temp as the sensor
(since that's where the coolant has just come from). Of course it's
possible that the sensor may be detecting the temp of the actual metal
of the head rather than the coolant it sticks into, but the design of
the sensor doesn't look as though this should be the case.

Any ideas why you're seeing the discrepancy?

Regards, Arthur

 
ArthurC wrote:

>
> JD wrote:
>> Austin Shackles wrote:
>>
>> > On or around 11 Jun 2006 04:00:14 -0700, "ArthurC"
>> > <[email protected]> enlightened us thusly:
>> >
>> >>I'm looking at fitting an electric fan to my series 2A. However, the
>> >>2A doesn't have a temperature gauge against which to check the fan
>> >>on/off temperatures. It looks as though there's a blanking bolt in the
>> >>cylinder head where on later landies a temp gauge sender is fitted (
>> >>560794 ), so I could fit a sender to the 2A head.
>> >
>> > it should have a temp gauge. isn't it in the other half of the
>> > instrument
>> > thing with the fuel gauge? ISTR my series II had a temperature
>> > gauge...
>> >

>> Temperature gauge came with the change to negative earth in the mid
>> sixties - prior to that had an ammeter not a temperature gauge. Most if
>> not all engines have a place to put a sender as described.
>> JD

>
> Thanks for the help and confirmation that I should be able to fit a
> sender. In reply to this and other mails, I believe JD is right that
> the change to a temp gauge came with the switch from dynamo (+ve earth)
> to alternator -ve earth. Perhaps the electronic control in place of
> the electromechanical regulator and the superior output of an
> alternator made measuring the (dis)charge current less important than
> the engine boiling :).
>

(snip)

The ammeter is impractical with the higher current flow from the alternator,
and the lack of temperature warning was always a problem with early
Landrovers, particularly in hot climates, so it made sense to replace the
ammeter with a temperature guage. But in fact, the change came with the
change to negative earth, 1967, I believe, where the alternator did not
appear until the Series 3 in 1971. However, temperature gauges had always
been an option, at least from Series 2 on, and all diesels I have seen had
the factory option combined temperature/oil pressure mechanical gauges. As
soon as I got my Series 1 and the same with my Series 2, I immediately
fitted mechanical oil pressure and temperature gauges. Alternators were
also an option an all Series 2a, but most of the ones you find today are a
later change - the factory alternator was very rare on the 2a.
JD
 

>
> Thanks Karen,
>
> It sounds as though the mercury based gauge could be just the thing (if
> not too expensive!). Do you happen to know the manufacturer and
> whether there's a UK distributer? I've enjoyed the other replies to
> your posting btw - I'm learning a lot about the climate in Oz :)


Lucas Make one which comes with a 3/8 BSP fitting which screws dierctly
into the head. It comes with a 2m capilary and facility for a
backlight. Its an industrial gauge 2" in dia. You should be able to get
one from a plant company or directly from Lucas.

HTH

Paul
 
PM wrote:
>> Thanks Karen,
>>
>> It sounds as though the mercury based gauge could be just the thing (if
>> not too expensive!). Do you happen to know the manufacturer and
>> whether there's a UK distributer? I've enjoyed the other replies to
>> your posting btw - I'm learning a lot about the climate in Oz :)

>
> Lucas Make one which comes with a 3/8 BSP fitting which screws dierctly
> into the head. It comes with a 2m capilary and facility for a
> backlight. Its an industrial gauge 2" in dia. You should be able to get
> one from a plant company or directly from Lucas.
>
> HTH
>
> Paul


<blushes>
It's actually a Smiths that I bought in the UK back in the '70s & still
going strong, like the rest of my Smiths instrumentation - thought it
does suffer from needle stick on cold mornings, probably 'cos the series
only gets used around every three or four weeks.

Karen

--
"I'd far rather be happy than right any day."
- Slartibartfast
 
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