Drag link:- Used to attach the near side wheel to the steering box. Old (ish) technology not found on most modern cars as they have a rack & pinion system in stead. Steering box slighly better at not kicking back when off roading.
Panhard Rod:- French invention, controls the side to side movement of the front axle.
Front axle:- Big heavy steel component that keeps the front wheels from meeting. Has in it a differential that transmits the drive to the front wheels via the half shafts. Allows the wheels to turn at different speeds when going round corners. You also have a similar one at the back driving the rear wheels; hence Four Wheel Drive!! Oh there is another diff in the middle as well.
Best suggestion, buy Haynes Manual, and read it. Whilst not the last word in information you will learn what everything is and how to look after it so it won't break too often.