If it is a tappet (cam follower to be correct) then it depends on many factors just how long it will last. Noisy tappets in a high milage engine isn't really a major problem as it's simply attributed to engine wear. A single noisy tappet that starts suddenly is more of a concern and needs investigation. You can't normally damage a tappet on a diesel engine as it doesn't rev high enough, but it can be something like a valve spring has broken, but I'd expect to hear it all the time. I'm thinking that a piece of carbon deposit has got stuck causing it to leak down. This is allowing a slightly larger cam clearance than normal. This clearance closes once the oil pressure is restored.