Not getting upset - I only lose my rag with politicians ! Just trying to get you to to understand diesel theory.The 40-50% is straight from the Bosch diesel engine management book,not me.
If you think about the inlet tract of a diesel there is no throttle butterfly as on a petrol engine,so there is no control of the mass of air injested.The only control is of maximum boost pressure on a turbo engine at high engine speeds/loads.In the past some diesels had throttle butterflys,this was for 2 reasons.The first was for vacuum governed injector pumps - they had a diaphram operated from the difference in depression either side of the butterfly.The second was to create a depression in the inlet to provide vacuum for a brake servo.Series 111 Lr 2.1/4 diesels were the last things I can recall seeing this on.
Neither of the above had anything to do with fuel air mixture as with a petrol engine where everything is done to keep the air/fuel ratio at 14.7/1 (lambda) which is the best compromise of power and emissions.With a diesel you inject more fuel -it speeds up/ makes more torque,you just need to ensure there is more than enough air to burn with it.Sorry if I'm not explaining it very well - I only fix them,I'm not a teacher - nor much good at typing !!!!