A bit of a sticky wicket I'm affraid....
How can it be proved the filter did damage??
It would be a case of hear'say, without evidentual proof...i.e. fragments of filter found in engine causing dmage etc....
If you fitted it yourself, again another sticky one - they could argue - are you trained to fit oil filters, was it carried out in accordance with manufacuturers specifications and reccomendations, what tests and precautions were carried out...etc etc....
If a garage had fitted it, you would have some form of recourse to the garage or manufacturer as they have a duty of care to fit the product correctly and a duty of care to supply a product, that when fitted correctly to their spec and guidelines will not fail....
If you fitted it, and without evidentual proof it was the oil filter....your stuck me thinks....I am not a lawyer/barrister or solicitor....if you think you have a good case, consult the Citizens Advice Bureau in your area, and have a chat....its free.